**It has only been almost three decades since web is introduced. It started with static text and images. Then came web2, which brought us to the modern internet. We are now at the beginning of web3, which envisions data being seamlessly transferred across a decentralized platform where ownership and control are distributed.Web3 enables peer-to-peer interactions without any intermediaries and centralized platforms. It uses the technology stack that is based on decentralized blockchains. Cryptocurrencies and tokens power the economies and business models of web3. Web3 will be the marketplace of choice for all businesses in all industries, and it is expected to become a major player in 2022. It is built on the concept of edge computing, blockchain, cryptocurrencies, NFTs, and virtual reality. Web3 development has seen a significant increase in popularity as more businesses try to integrate their products into this new space.Recent Google search trends show that web3 interest has risen by 33% in the last few months, which suggests that businesses are more interested in migrating from web2 to web3 space. Furthermore, web2 to web3 migration is a transition from application-centric design to a user-centric ethos of decentralization. This article will discuss the technical aspects of migration from web2 to web3 along with the below-mentioned points. • What is web2? • What is web3? • Advantages of web3 over web2 • Logics to consider while migrating from web2 to web3 • What transactions need to be stored in web2 to web3 migration? • What will be the changes in user flow in web2 to web3 migration? • Components that may help in web2 to web3 migration What is web2? Web2 is the second generation of the World Wide Web, also known as the “read/write “web. It is a move to interactive functionality and compatibility through the following features: • User-generated content • Transparency in data and integrations • The web is a platform and not a network • Software as a Service (SaaS) via API implementation technology With this reframed version of the internet, users can communicate in real-time with servers, post comments, edit web pages and communicate with other users. Here are some technologies that have brought these revolutionary changes: • JavaScript • Ajax • Adobe Flash • RSS • Microsoft Silverlight Web2 can be described in three parts:

1. Rich internet application (RIA) – A Rich Internet Application (RIA) is a web application designed in a way so that it can deliver the same features and functions normally associated with desktop applications. An RIA runs inside a web browser and does not require software installation on the client side to work.
2. Web-oriented architecture (WOA)– It describes how web2 applications present their functionality to allow other applications to leverage and integrate it, creating a richer set of applications. Examples include RSS feeds and web services.
3. Social web -It defines how web2 websites interact with end users more effectively. It allows them to add their profile, comment on content, upload new content or add user-generated content. Limitations of web2 • Dependency on the internet to network with people • Keyword-based • Failure to remove outdated information • A high number of hackers and frauds • Lack of intelligence What is web3? Web3 is the “read-write-own” mode of the internet that uses blockchains, NFTs and cryptocurrencies to empower the users in the form of ownership. Features of web3 Decentralized – Unlike web2, where the internet is controlled and owned by centralized entities, web3 allows ownership to be distributed amongst its users and builders.Permissionless – Everybody has equal access to web3, and nobody is excluded.Native payments – Web3 uses cryptocurrencies to send and spend money online instead of relying upon the old infrastructure of banks and payment processors.Trustless – It uses incentives and economic mechanisms to operate rather than relying upon trusted third parties. Web3 gives user ownership of their digital assets in an unprecedented way. For example, in the case of a web2 game, if a user purchases an in-game item, it directly gets linked to his account. So, if the game creator deletes the user’s account, he will lose all his items. Similarly, if the user stops playing the game, he will lose the invested value of the game items. Web3 allows direct ownership through NFTs, ensuring uninterrupted user ownership. Additionally, if the user stops playing, he can trade in-game items on the open market. On web3, data lives on the blockchain. So, if a user decides to leave a platform, he can do that anytime. This censorship resistance is a native feature of web3. Besides, web3 allows users decentralized ownership through DAOs (decentralized autonomous organizations). As a result, the user not only owns data in web3 but also owns the platform as a collective using tokens. Apart from this, web3 allows single login across platforms, allowing users to control their identity.**

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**Advantages of web3 over web2 The advantages of web3 over web2 are: • It creates a decentralized ecosystem where transactions and services are conducted in a peer-to-peer setup. • Users own their data. • Without any central authority, web3 platforms offer transparency. • Web3 data is immutable, so it cannot be altered or deleted. • Data cannot be leaked or stolen without the user’s consent, making it secure and tamperproof. • It provides privacy to users, allowing them to control their data without third-party intervention. • Web3 projects are open-source. • Web3 facilitates the development of creative and innovative projects like the Metaverse that boost the creator economy. Logics to consider while migrating from web2 to web3 While migrating an application from web2 to web3, the following aspects should be considered: Data storage method We might use peer-to-peer solutions in a web3 technology stack just like we would a database in a traditional stack. However, in web3, we use blockchain technology where data is replicated across n number of nodes on a decentralized, more reliable network. Blockchain technology is not the same as a database. It stores some data, but it’s mostly transaction metadata. Also, web3 applications differ from web2 applications because they have different data architectures. Web3 applications use a user-centric data storage model. This model stores application data on a distributed network and allows users to access it. Applications can also query and write to the data client side. This is in contrast to web2 applications, which are application-centric and store all data related to an application on a single server.

Building web3 data apps is therefore possible only by using a few basic primitives: • Network for fast data availability and mutability via a decentralized network • Protocol for model-based, identity-centric data storage/retrieval • Client to perform CRUD operations in users’ stores at runtime. So, in web2 to web3 data migration- • Need to migrate from simple data storage method to decentralized(using blockchain) data storage method. • On web3, storage data ownership always belongs to the user, unlike centralized data storage, where user data is used for personal gain. • On web3, data can not be altered or removed so the security and immutability of data keep intact. • Instead of API/network calls to send/receive data, you will have to query blockchain using smart contracts. Wallet/Payment migration In web2 to web3 migration, users must migrate from simple payment gateway to crypto wallet as web3 uses decentralized currency. Web3 wallets provide a gateway to many blockchain-based crypto apps, Decentralized Finance (DeFi), gaming and nonfungible tokens. These applications can be accessed via a desktop browser. In this case, many processes run in the background, and the browser will notify the user of any sharing activity. Metamask, one of the most well-known web3 wallets, is a popular choice. Users can also use third-party wallet libraries or APIs as per their requirements. As web3 transactions are done using cryptocurrency, the buy and sell flow in the application will be different than web2. In web2, a central authority like a bank controls transactions during selling and buying. On the contrary, in web3, it happens in a decentralized way. If the user wants to see the transaction listing or history, they need to fetch it from the blockchain. What transactions need to be stored in web2 to web3 migration? • Minting of Tokens – Whenever a user creates any token, we need to store those in web3 with all the details about its owner. • Buy-sell/owner transfer of Tokens – Whenever a user buys or sells any tokens, that need to be stored with all the details of the previous owner and the current owner. • Balance transfer from wallet to wallet – If any user transfers the balance to another user, that needs to be stored on the web3 with details of the sender, receiver and the amount transferred. i.e., any change which happens in the users’ wallet or user’s tokens. What will be the changes in user flow in web2 to web3 migration? Web3 means we digitally own content/tokens we share, mint and purchase on the platform. Hence, we have total control over our content/tokens. So, whenever we want to buy, sell, transfer and purchase with tokens, we have to interact with web3 with the help of a smart contract. So the user interaction will be very high than web2, as we have total control over our content. Components that may help in web2 to web3 migration Mobiles SDK’s GitHub – web3j/web3j: Lightweight Java and Android library for integration with Ethereum clients Web3j is a highly modular, lightweight, reactive, type-safe Java and Android library that works with smart contracts and integrates with clients (nodes) on the Ethereum network. Features • Ethereum’s JSON-RPC client API is completely implemented over HTTP and IPC • Support for Ethereum wallet • Java smart contract wrappers auto-generation for creating, deploying, transacting with and calling smart contracts from native Java code (Truffle and Solidity definition formats supported) • Reactive-functional API for working with filters • Support for Parity’s Personal and Geth’s Personal client APIs • Ethereum Name Service support • Support for Alchemy and Infura, so you don’t have to run an Ethereum client yourself • Comprehensive integration tests demonstrating a number of the above scenarios • Command line tools • Android compatible • Support for Quorum via web3j-quorum • Support for EEA privacy features. It is implemented in Hyperledger Besu. GitHub – Boilertalk/Web3.swift: A pure swift Ethereum Web3 library Web3.swift is a Swift library for signing transactions and interacting with Smart Contracts in the Ethereum Network. It allows users to connect parity Ethereum nodes (like Infura) or a geth read values and to send transactions from Smart Contracts without the requirement of writing the user’s own implementations of the protocols. Web3.swift supports iOS, macOS, tvOS, watchOS and Linux with Swift Package Manager. Features • Modularity • Portability • Speed • Efficiency in mind GitHub – MercuryProtocol/web3.swift: Web3 and Geth wrapper utility in swift Web3.js is a utility library written in Swift that brings web3j encoding capabilities to Swift. It also helps the management of accounts based on Geth. Features • Create Account • Import Account • Create and Encode Transaction • Sign Transaction**

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Web and BackEnd SDKs GitHub – ChainSafe/web3.js: Ethereum JavaScript API This is the Ethereum JavaScript API. The API connects to the Generic JSON -RPC specifications. We need to run an Ethereum node locally or remotely to use this library. Web3.js allows us to accomplish the responsibility of developing clients interacting with the Ethereum blockchain. It is an open-source JavaScript library made by the Ethereum Foundation and comprises functions to connect with an Ethereum node through the JavaScript Object Notation — Remote Procedure Call (JSON-RPC) protocol. It is a JavaScript library that enables developers to interact with the Ethereum blockchain. It is a collection of libraries and buildup of four modules that enable us to do activities like: • Direct Ether from one account to another • Deliver and write data from smart contracts • Make smart contracts End note The underlying technical facilities of web3 are based on blockchain technology. Its unique characteristics are immutability, decentralized storage and information encryption. The main goal of migrating a web2 Application to web3 is not to make everyone a crypto trader or flip NFTs. Instead, web2 to web3 migration will redesign and rebuild web2 use cases to web3 versions. Users will get multiple benefits through the web2 to web3 migration, like high availability, compatibility, interoperability, scalability and improved user experience, to name a few. Not to mention, the services and applications in the web3 space allow users to control their data and obtain rewards with their non-custodial nature. If you plan to migrate your application from web2 to web3, our blockchain and web3 experts can help you with a smooth migration. Connect with LeewayHertz experts and explore new possibilities!

**自从引入 Web 以来只有将近 30 年的时间。它从静态文本和图像开始。然后是 web2，它把我们带到了现代互联网。我们现在正处于 web3 的开端，它设想数据在所有权和控制权分散的分散平台上无缝传输。Web3 支持点对点交互，无需任何中介和中心化平台。它使用基于去中心化区块链的技术栈。加密货币和代币为 web3 的经济和商业模式提供动力。 Web3 将成为所有行业所有企业的首选市场，预计将在 2022 年成为主要参与者。它建立在边缘计算、区块链、加密货币、NFT 和虚拟现实的概念之上。随着越来越多的企业尝试将他们的产品整合到这个新领域，Web3 开发的受欢迎程度显着增加。最近的Google 搜索趋势显示，web3 的兴趣在过去几个月中上升了 33%，这表明企业对迁移更感兴趣从 web2 到 web3 空间。此外，web2 到 web3 的迁移是从以应用程序为中心的设计到以用户为中心的去中心化精神的转变。 本文将讨论从 web2 迁移到 web3 的技术方面以及以下几点。 • 什么是 web2？ • 什么是 web3？ • web3 相对于 web2 的优势 • 从 web2 迁移到 web3 时要考虑的逻辑 • web2 到 web3 迁移需要存储哪些事务？ • web2 到 web3 的迁移，用户流量会有哪些变化？ • 可能有助于 web2 到 web3 迁移的组件 什么是 web2？ Web2 是第二代万维网，也称为“读/写”网络。它通过以下特性向交互功能和兼容性迈进： • 用户生成内容 • 数据和集成的透明度 • 网络是一个平台，而不是一个网络 • 通过 API 实现技术的软件即服务 (SaaS) 有了这个重新构建的互联网版本，用户可以与服务器实时通信、发表评论、编辑网页以及与其他用户通信。以下是带来这些革命性变化的一些技术： • JavaScript • 阿贾克斯 • Adobe Flash • 订阅服务 • 微软银光 Web2 可以分为三个部分来描述：

1. 富互联网应用程序 (RIA) – 富互联网应用程序 (RIA) 是一种 Web 应用程序，其设计方式使其能够提供与桌面应用程序通常相关的相同特性和功能。RIA 在 Web 浏览器中运行，不需要在客户端安装软件即可工作。
2. 面向 Web 的架构 (WOA) – 它描述了 web2 应用程序如何展示其功能以允许其他应用程序利用和集成它，从而创建一组更丰富的应用程序。示例包括 RSS 提要和 Web 服务。
3. 社交网站- 它定义了 web2 网站如何更有效地与最终用户互动。它允许他们添加个人资料、评论内容、上传新内容或添加用户生成的内容。 web2 的局限性 • 依赖互联网与人交流 • 基于关键字 • 未能删除过时信息 • 大量的黑客和欺诈 • 缺乏智慧 什么是 web3？ Web3是互联网的“读写拥有”模式，它使用区块链、NFT 和加密货币以所有权的形式为用户赋能。 web3的特点 去中心化——与互联网由中心化实体控制和拥有的 web2 不同，web3 允许在其用户和构建者之间分配所有权。无许可——每个人都可以平等地访问 web3，没有人被排除在外。本机支付——Web3 使用加密货币在线发送和消费金钱，而不是依赖于银行和支付处理器的旧基础设施。无信任——它使用激励和经济机制来运作，而不是依赖受信任的第三方。 Web3 以前所未有的方式赋予用户对其数字资产的所有权。例如，在 web2 游戏的情况下，如果用户购买游戏内物品，它会直接链接到他的帐户。因此，如果游戏创建者删除了用户的帐户，他将失去所有物品。同样，如果用户停止玩游戏，他将失去游戏道具的投资价值。Web3 允许通过NFT 直接拥有，确保不间断的用户所有权。此外，如果用户停止玩游戏，他可以在公开市场上交易游戏内物品。 在 web3 上，数据存在于区块链上。因此，如果用户决定离开平台，他可以随时离开。这种审查阻力是 web3 的原生特性。此外，web3 允许用户通过 DAO（去中心化自治组织）去中心化所有权。因此，用户不仅拥有 web3 中的数据，还使用代币集体拥有平台。除此之外，web3 允许跨平台单一登录，允许用户控制他们的身份。**

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**web3 相对于 web2 的优势 web3 相对于 web2 的优势是： • 它创建了一个去中心化的生态系统，其中交易和服务在点对点设置中进行。 • 用户拥有自己的数据。 • 在没有任何中央权威的情况下，web3 平台提供了透明度。 • Web3 数据是不可变的，因此无法更改或删除。 • 未经用户同意，数据不会泄露或被盗，确保数据安全和防篡改。 • 它为用户提供隐私，允许他们在没有第三方干预的情况下控制自己的数据。 • Web3 项目是开源的。 • Web3 促进了创意和创新项目的开发，例如促进创作者经济的 Metaverse。 从 web2 迁移到 web3 时要考虑的逻辑 将应用程序从 web2 迁移到 web3 时，应考虑以下方面： 数据存储方式 我们可能会在 web3 技术堆栈中使用点对点解决方案，就像我们在传统堆栈中使用数据库一样。然而，在 web3 中，我们使用区块链技术，在分散的、更可靠的网络上跨 n 个节点复制数据。区块链技术与数据库不同。它存储一些数据，但主要是事务元数据。此外，web3 应用程序与 web2 应用程序不同，因为它们具有不同的数据架构。Web3 应用程序使用以用户为中心的数据存储模型。该模型将应用程序数据存储在分布式网络上并允许用户访问它。应用程序还可以查询和写入数据客户端。这与 web2 应用程序形成对比，web2 应用程序以应用程序为中心，并将与应用程序相关的所有数据存储在单个服务器上。

因此，只有使用一些基本原语才能构建 web3 数据应用程序： • 通过去中心化网络实现快速数据可用性和可变性的网络 • 基于模型、以身份为中心的数据存储/检索协议 • 运行时在用户商店中执行 CRUD 操作的客户端。 所以，在 web2 到 web3 的数据迁移中—— • 需要从简单的数据存储方法迁移到去中心化（使用区块链）数据存储方法。 • 在 web3 上，存储数据所有权始终属于用户，不像中心化数据存储那样，用户数据被用来谋取私利。 • 在 web3 上，数据不能被更改或删除，因此数据的安全性和不变性保持不变。 • 您将不得不使用智能合约查询区块链，而不是调用 API/网络来发送/接收数据。 钱包/支付迁移 在web2 到 web3 的迁移中，用户必须从简单的支付网关迁移到加密钱包，因为 web3 使用去中心化货币。Web3 钱包为许多基于区块链的加密应用程序、去中心化金融 (DeFi)、游戏和不可替代代币提供了一个网关。这些应用程序可以通过桌面浏览器访问。在这种情况下，许多进程在后台运行，浏览器会通知用户任何共享活动。Metamask 是最著名的 web3 钱包之一，是一个受欢迎的选择。 用户还可以根据需要使用第三方钱包库或 API。由于 web3 交易是使用加密货币完成的，因此应用程序中的买卖流程将不同于 web2。在 web2 中，像银行这样的中央机构在买卖期间控制交易。相反，在 web3 中，它以去中心化的方式发生。如果用户想要查看交易列表或历史记录，他们需要从区块链中获取。 web2 到 web3 迁移需要存储哪些事务？ • 铸造代币——每当用户创建任何代币时，我们都需要将这些代币连同其所有者的所有详细信息一起存储在 web3 中。 • 代币的买卖/所有者转让——每当用户购买或出售任何代币时，都需要将其与前任所有者和当前所有者的所有详细信息一起存储。 • 从钱包到钱包的余额转移——如果任何用户将余额转移给另一个用户，则需要将其存储在 web3 上，其中包含发送方、接收方和转移金额的详细信息。即，用户钱包或用户代币中发生的任何变化。 web2 到 web3 的迁移，用户流量会有哪些变化？ Web3 意味着我们以数字方式拥有我们在平台上共享、铸造和购买的内容/代币。因此，我们可以完全控制我们的内容/令牌。因此，每当我们想要使用代币进行买卖、转让和购买时，我们都必须借助智能合约与 web3 进行交互。因此，用户交互将比 web2 高得多，因为我们可以完全控制我们的内容。 可能有助于 web2 到 web3 迁移的组件 手机SDK GitHub – web3j/web3j：用于与以太坊客户端集成的轻量级 Java 和 Android 库 Web3j 是一个高度模块化、轻量级、反应式、类型安全的 Java 和 Android 库，可与智能合约一起使用并与以太坊网络上的客户端（节点）集成。 特征 • 以太坊的 JSON-RPC 客户端 API 完全通过 HTTP 和 IPC 实现 • 支持以太坊钱包 • 自动生成 Java 智能合约包装器，用于从本地 Java 代码创建、部署、处理和调用智能合约（支持 Truffle 和 Solidity 定义格式） • 用于使用过滤器的反应式功能 API • 支持 Parity 的个人和 Geth 的个人客户端 API • 以太坊名称服务支持 • 支持 Alchemy 和 Infura，因此您不必自己运行以太坊客户端 • 综合集成测试演示了上述许多场景 • 命令行工具 • 安卓兼容 • 通过 web3j-quorum 支持 Quorum • 支持 EEA 隐私功能。它在 Hyperledger Besu 中实现。 GitHub – Boilertalk/Web3.swift：一个纯粹的快速以太坊 Web3 库 Web3.swift 是一个 Swift 库，用于签署交易并与以太坊网络中的智能合约进行交互。它允许用户连接奇偶校验以太坊节点（如 Infura）或 geth 读取值并从智能合约发送交易，而无需编写用户自己的协议实现。Web3.swift 通过 Swift 包管理器支持 iOS、macOS、tvOS、watchOS 和 Linux。 特征 • 模块化 • 可移植性 • 速度 • 效率为本 GitHub – MercuryProtocol/web3.swift：swift 中的 Web3 和 Geth 包装实用程序 Web3.js 是一个用 Swift 编写的实用程序库，它为 Swift 带来了 web3j 编码功能。它还有助于基于 Geth 管理帐户。 特征 • 创建账户 • 导入账户 • 创建和编码事务 • 签署交易**

使用我们面向未来的 web3 解决方案踏上您的 web3 之旅。使用 LeewayHertz 启动您的 Web3 项目了解更多

Web 和后端 SDK GitHub – ChainSafe/web3.js：以太坊 JavaScript API 这是以太坊 JavaScript API。API 连接到通用 JSON -RPC 规范。我们需要在本地或远程运行一个以太坊节点来使用这个库。Web3.js 允许我们完成开发与以太坊区块链交互的客户端的责任。它是由以太坊基金会制作的开源 JavaScript 库，包含通过 JavaScript 对象表示法 - 远程过程调用 (JSON-RPC) 协议与以太坊节点连接的功能。它是一个 JavaScript 库，使开发人员能够与以太坊区块链进行交互。它是库的集合和四个模块的构建，使我们能够进行以下活动： • 将以太币从一个账户直接转到另一个账户 • 从智能合约交付和写入数据 • 制定智能合约 尾注 web3 的底层技术设施基于区块链技术。其独特的特点是不变性、去中心化存储和信息加密。将 web2 应用程序迁移到 web3 的主要目标不是让每个人都成为加密货币交易员或翻转 NFT。相反，web2 到 web3 的迁移将重新设计和重建 web2 用例到 web3 版本。用户将通过从 web2 到 web3 的迁移获得多种好处，例如高可用性、兼容性、互操作性、可扩展性和改进的用户体验等等。更不用说，web3 空间中的服务和应用程序允许用户控制他们的数据并以其非托管性质获得奖励。 如果您计划将您的应用程序从 web2 迁移到 web3，我们的区块链和web3 专家可以帮助您顺利迁移。与 LeewayHertz 专家联系，探索新的可能性！